Abstract

All Buddhist scriptures are divided into three categories：sutra，commandment and theory. Compared with the sutra，the commandment has greater certainty and less explanation space. After the introduction of Buddhism into China，the social situation is very different，and the precepts have changed a lot，some laws are even different from the original. By studying the sinicization of the commandments，we can see more clearly the transformation of Buddhism in China.

The birth of Buddhist commandments is a process of history. The birth of Buddhist commandments also contains a response to the Indian tradition，which can be divided into three points：sacrificial rites are not practical，Buddhists are the most honorable and penance is not special. Sakyamuni formulated the commandments for the first time because of lust，and the commandments contains profound democratic ideas. This is closely related to the historical background of India and the political system of Kapilavastu. The fundamental point of the commandment is the middle way. In the old age of the Buddha，the incident of the Devadatta separatist Buddhist group occurred. The “Wufa” can be regarded as the first sign of the development of Buddhist commandments.The event of Devadatta reflects the disharmony and two tendencies within the original Buddhist group-attaching importance to the Buddhist scriptures and attaching importance to the commandments. The first integration of the commandments after the death of Sakyamuni. In this process，the more clear the differences between Suttantika and Vinaya Master，reflected in the outside is the mahakashyapa and Ananda discord，and thus buried the seeds of division. A hundred years after the death of Sakyamuni，there was a “fundamental division”，the core of the debate is the “Jingfa”，which is the issue of the opening of the commandments. After the rise of the Mahayana，there is a direct relationship with the Vinaya jatakas. The Mahayana commandments embody the spirit of the Mahayana：the Mahayana as the center，the emphasis on altruism，and the restraint of thoughts.

The sinicization of Buddhist commandments is first reflected in the politicization. Buddhism in China has never been a religious authority like in India. But the Buddhist success was accepted by the secular authority of China. Buddhism first spread to China，the most obvious difference is reflected in the etiquette. In the issue of monks worship the vulgar was criticized from the Chinese tradition，and eventually Buddhism succumbed to the kingship and ethics of China. Buddhism in China always depends on the king to spread，the king also uses the Buddhist management of the state，the concept of “ cakravartiraja ” is frequently used by the king of China. The emperor of the northern Wei dynasty even proclaimed himself as the Buddha，and Liang wudi was also known as the “emperor bodhisattva”. The laws of the state and the Buddhist precepts also have a series of mutual influence. China’s unique system of monk officials was originally to supervise monks，but it had no effect at the later stage. The temple economy of Chinese Buddhism is outstanding and plays an important role in the development of Buddhism. The clan of Chinese Buddhism is also a characteristic.

The sinicization of Buddhist commandments is embodied in specialization，that is，the formation of Ritsu. The Vinaya was introduced into China，each with inheritance，the south prevailing “Sarvastivada-vinaya” and the northern popularity of “ Mahāsāmghika-vinaya”，but the “Dharmagupta-vinaya” finally unified the north and south. At the time of the sui and Tang dynasties，Chinese Buddhism was faced with conflict and choice in the aspect of commandments. different Vinaya Masters also gave different solutions，which was generally successful. In the three factions of Ritsu，the first is the “Xiangbu”，followed by the “Nanshan”，and finally established the “Dongta”，eventually three factions get together. Dàoxuān classifies the commandments into moralization and suppression，and proves that “Dharmagupta-vinaya” and “ Mahayana” are interlinked，and complete the unification of the Vinaya and Dharma. One of the important theoretical contributions of Nanshan Ritsu to Chinese Buddhist commandments is the establishment of a complete system of commandments understanding，that is，four disciplines of commandments. The second is to metaphysical the commandments，namely the ontology of the commandments theory. Dàoxuān believes that the seed ontology is the most fundamental theory，is perfect and conforms to the reality of China. The sinicization of Buddhist commandments is also embodied in the Religious denonimation，that is，the ideology shown by the major Religious denonimations. Dharmalaksana sect thinks that only consciousness in the world，so the heart is the object of complete abstinence. The yoga-vinaya also has a great influence on the commandments of the Mahayana. On the basis of its own theory，Tiantai sect emphasizes that the ontology of the commandments is the reality and commandment equal to the practice. Taking the origin of the dharmadhatu as the essentials，kegon sets up a variety of “ ten commandments”. Since the beginning of the Dongshan method，Zen has advocated both rural and Zen. The sixth patriarch Huineng carried out the theoretical revolution，because of the nature of the mind，the promotion of the no phase method. The later stage of Zen inherited such a way of thinking，to teach people to break the commandment shackles，from another perspective，can also say that Zen is equivalent to the commandments. Sukhavati sect eliminates the commandments with the connotation of pure land，and because it does not require commandments in the pure land，in practice，chanting the Buddha is one of the principles of upholding the commandments.

The sinicization of Buddhist commandments is also embodied in the Confucianism and Taoism. Under the influence of Confucianism and Taoism，a large number of Confucian and Taoist elements enriched into Buddhist commandments，followed by monks. The asceticism thought and vegetarian idea of Buddhism，in many aspects received the influence of Confucian funeral and Taoist health. In the aspect of filial piety，Buddhism was strongly criticized by Confucianism，so the Chinese monks carried out the transformation of the Buddhist filial piety concept. From “filial piety is the commandment” to “filial piety in front of the commandments”，reflects the continuous deepening of the concept of the Buddhist filial piety. The Buddhist also attached the five commandments to the five elements of the Confucianists and the five elements of Taoism，to facilitate the acceptance of the Chinese. Compared with the commandments，monastic rules are the daily norms of Chinese Buddhism. Baizhang huaihai was first established in “Qinggui”，and he combined the daily routines of China with the practice of meditation.；The later “Qinggui” reflects the Confucian tendency of etiquette and morality，as well as the Taoism tendency of rituals and concepts.The sinicization of Buddhist commandments must embrace modernization. In the modern Chinese Buddhism reform，the construction of the Buddhist discipline of the new era is an urgent problem. The relaxation of the situation is not a day of cold，is the result of the formation of folk Buddhism. Modern Buddhism reform is representative：“master Xuyun” based on the practice of various types of monk system，“master Taixu” with ethics as the core of the overall reform of the monk system，“master Hongyi” based on the theory of Nanshan revival of temperament. Chinese Buddhism and Chinese commandments have formed a benign interactive relationship，which constitutes the grand and inclusive system of today’s Chinese discipline. In modern society，the discipline culture can still play an important role，not only can help Buddhism establish a good image，but also promote the construction of social morality.

Keywords：Buddhist commandments；Sinicization；Qinggui；Ritsu；The Mahayana commandment；sectarian commandment；Modern commandment